Septic Problems

A septic tank acts as a holding tank for wastewater that is transferred from the home or structure through a sewer pipe. As solids in the wastewater separate inside the tank, a naturally occurring anaerobic bacterium breaks down the solids and destroys pathogens. After the process is complete, a layer of partially clarified water remains. Any other waste material that cannot be broken down remains until the septic tank is pumped. The clarified liquid then flows from the tank through a drain field, approximately 3 feet below the surface, to distribute wastewater. Gravel and soil act as biological straining devices or filters. Septic systems are one of the best options for treating household waste, but if they are used improperly or if they are not maintained, septic system failure can result.

Common Septic System Problems

One of the most common problems with septic tank occurs when the drain field becomes plugged and clarified water can no longer make its way through the soil. In many cases, this occurs when solids from the tank end up in the drain field. Septic system problems can also occur from solid build-up in the tank, heavy traffic over the absorption field, and the over-use of chemicals that can kill the "good" bacteria in the system and cripple the treatment process. Other problems occur when too much water is allowed into the drainage system. This, too, can overload the system.

How to Prevent Septic System Problems

With a few small adjustments, it should be fairly easy to avoid any major septic system problems.

Limit the use of chemical, like toilet bowl cleaners, that can kill good bacteria.

Install water-saving appliances and repair any plumbing problems to avoid water over-load.

Remember: tanks should be pumped every 1 to 3 years, lest build-up seep into the drain field.

Don't drive over or place heavy equipment over the absorption field; this can fracture the soil and cause plugged or compacted drain fields.

Be careful not to flush paper towels, cigarettes, cat litter, coffee grounds, oil, floss, feminine products, diapers, or gauze down the toilet; these items may clog the system.

Chemicals that may contaminate ground and surface water include pesticides, paint, varnishes, waste oils, photographic solutions, and thinners.

For further information on how to prevent septic system failure and manage systems, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides an abundance of free information to homeowners.